(Vol.68 No.11 2004)
Review
Roles of Chloroplast RNA Polymerase Sigma Factors in Chloroplast Development
and Stress Response in Higher Plants
Kengo Kanamaru1 and Kan Tanaka2 p.2215
Synthesis of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) Sequence Conjugated Thermo-Reversible
Gel via the PEG Spacer Arm as an Extracellular Matrix for a Pheochromocytoma
Cell (PC12) Culture
Keun-Hong Park1, Mi-Hyun Kim1, Sang-Hyug Park2, Hyun Jung Lee2, In Kyu Kim3,
and Hyung-Min Chung1 p.2224
Effect of a Pore-Forming Protein Derived from Flammulina velutipes
on the Caco-2 Intestinal Epithelial Cell Monolayer
Asako Narai1, Hirohito Watanabe2, Toshihiko Iwanaga3, Toshio Tomita4, and Makoto
Shimizu1 p.2230
Caffeoylsophorose, a New Natural α-Glucosidase Inhibitor, from
Red Vinegar by Fermented Purple-Fleshed Sweet Potato
Toshiro Matsui1, Sumi Ebuchi1, Keiichi Fukui2, Kazusato Matsugano2, Norihiko
Terahara3, and Kiyoshi Matsumoto1 p.2239
Hydrophilic Monolayer Formation of Adsorbed Cationic Starch and
Cationic Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Derivatives on Polyester Surfaces
Peter Roos, Åsa Westling, and Ioannis S. Chronakis p.2247
Improvement of Insulin Resistance and Insulin Secretion by Water
Extracts of Cordyceps militaris, Phellinus linteus, and Paecilomyces tenuipes
in 90% Pancreatectomized Rats
Soo Bong Choi1, Chun Hee Park2, Mi Kyung Choi2, Dong Wha Jun2, and Sunmin Park2
p.2257
Structure-Activity Relationship of S-Benzylisothiourea Derivatives to Induce
Spherical Cells in Escherichia coli
Noritaka Iwai1,2, Takuma Ebata1, Hirokatsu Nagura1, Tomoya Kitazume1, Kazuo
Nagai3, and Masaaki Wachi1 p.2265
Analysis of bgl Operon Structure and Characterization of β-Glucosidase
from Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum LY34
Chang Long An1, Woo Jin Lim1, Su Young Hong1, Eun Ju Kim1, Eun Chule Shin1,
Min Keun Kim1, Jong Reoul Lee3, Sang Ryeol Park3, Jong Gyu Woo4, Yong Pyo Lim5,
and Han Dae Yun1,2 p.2270
IL-10 Augments Antibody Production in in Vitro Immunized Lymphocytes
by Inducing a Th2-Type Response and B Cell Maturation
Qianghua Xu1,2,3, Yoshinori Katakura1, Makiko Yamashita1, Shengguo Fang2,3,
Takashi Tamura1, Shin-ei Matsumoto1, Yoshihiro Aiba1, Kiichiro Teruya1, Kazuhiro
Osada1, Ryuhei Nishikawa1, and Sanetaka Shirahata1 p.2279
Maillard Reaction Rate in Various Glassy Matrices
Kiyoshi Kawai, Tomoaki Hagiwara, Rikuo Takai, and Toru Suzuki p.2285
Thermostable Esterase from a Thermoacidophilic Archaeon: Purification
and Characterization for Enzymatic Resolution of a Chiral Compound
Seonghun Kim1,2 and Sun Bok Lee1,2,3 p.2289
Molecular Cloning of a Gene Encoding Endo-β-D-1,4-Glucanase PCE1
from Phycomyces nitens
Atsushi Shimonaka, Yuko Baba, Jinichiro Koga, Akitaka Nakane, Hidetoshi Kubota,
and Toshiaki Kono p.2299
Purification and Characterization of α-Keto Amide Reductase from
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Kohji Ishihara1, Hiroaki Yamamoto2, Kazuya Mitsuhashi2, Kazuyoshi Nishikawa2,
Sadao Tsuboi3, Hideaki Tsuji4, and Nobuyoshi Nakajima4 p.2306
Antioxidative Activity of a Zinc-Chelating Substance in Coffee
Xu Wen1, Makiko Takenaka2, Masatsune Murata1, and Seiichi Homma1 p.2313
Contribution of the Second OB Fold of Ribosomal Protein S1 from
Escherichia coli to the Recognition of TmRNA
Takahiro Okada1, Iwona K. Wower2, Jacek Wower2, Christian W. Zwieb3, and Makoto
Kimura1 p.2319
Cysteine Suppresses Oxidative Stress-Induced Myofibrillar Proteolysis
in Chick Myotubes
Kazuki Nakashima, Shigehiko Masaki, Makoto Yamazaki, and Hiroyuki Abe p.2326
Anti-Tumor Activity of an Enzymatically Synthesized α-1,6 Branched α-1,4-Glucan, Glycogen
Kazuo Ryoyama1, Yumi Kidachi1, Hideaki Yamaguchi2, Hideki Kajiura3, and Hiroki
Takata4 p.2332
Enzymatic Synthesis of Dehydro Cyclo(His-Phe)s, Analogs of the
Potent Cell Cycle Inhibitor, Dehydrophenylahistin, and Their Inhibitory Activities
toward Cell Division
Hiroshi Kanzaki, Satohiro Yanagisawa, and Teruhiko Nitoda p.2341
Localization of α-Glucosidases I, II, and III in Organs of European
Honeybees, Apis mellifera L., and the Origin of α-Glucosidase in Honey
Masaki Kubota1, Masahisa Tsuji1, Mamoru Nishimoto1, Jintanart Wongchawalit1,
Masayuki Okuyama1, Haruhide Mori1, Hirokazu Matsui1, Rudee Surarit2, Jisnuson
Svasti3, Atsuo Kimura1, and Seiya Chiba1 p.2346
Tea Catechin Suppresses Adipocyte Differentiation Accompanied
by Down-regulation of PPARγ2 and C/EBPα in 3T3-L1 Cells
Takashi Furuyashiki1, Hironobu Nagayasu1, Yukiko Aoki1, Hiroaki Bessho1, Takashi
Hashimoto2, Kazuki Kanazawa1,2, and Hitoshi Ashida1,2 p.2353
Cloning and Characterization of Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase
from the Rubber-Producing Mushroom Lactarius chrysorrheus
Dararat Mekkriengkrai1, Tomoki Sando3, Kazutake Hirooka3, Jitladda Sakdapipanich1,2,
Yasuyuki Tanaka1, Ei-ichiro Fukusaki3, and Akio Kobayashi3 p.2360
Transglycosylation Activity of Dictyoglomus thermophilum Amylase
A
Masahiro Nakajima, Hiromi Imamura, Hirofumi Shoun, Sueharu Horinouchi, and Takayoshi
Wakagi p.2369
Towards Structural Determination of the ComX Pheromone: Synthetic
Studies on Peptides Containing Geranyltryptophan
Masahiro Okada1, Isao Sato1, Soo Jeong Cho2, Yoshihiro Suzuki1, Makoto Ojika1,
David Dubnau2, and Youji Sakagami1 p.2374
Note
Effects of Egg Yolk Proteins on the Longitudinal Bone Growth of Adolescent Male
Rats
Kang-Hyun Leem1, Myung-Gyou Kim1, Hyun-Mi Kim2, Mujo Kim3, Young-Ja Lee4, and
Hye Kyung Kim p.2388
Note
Comparative Study on the Modulation of IgE and Cytokine Production by Phellinus
linteus Grown on Germinated Brown Rice, Phellinus Linteus and Germinated Brown
Rice in Murine Splenocytes
Beong Ou Lim1, Koji Yamada2, Bong-Gum Cho1, Taeil Jeon3, Seong-Gu Hwang4, Taekyu
Park1, Soon Ah Kang3, and Dong Ki Park3 p.2391
Note
Proteasome Inhibitors Induce Changes in Chromatin Structure Characteristic of
Senescent Human Fibroblasts
Ryo Ukekawa, Naoyuki Maegawa, Emi Mizutani, Michihiko Fujii, and Dai Ayusawa
p.2395
Note
Synthesis and Antinematodal Activity of 3-n-Alkylphenols
Kazuto Takaishi1, Yohannes Alen2, Kazuyoshi Kawazu2, Naomichi Baba2, and Shuhei
Nakajima2 p.2398
Note
Increased Levels of Policosanol and Very Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Potato Pulp
Fermented with Rhizopus oryzae
Renaguli Musa1,2, Keita Yunoki1,2, Mikio Kinoshita1, Yuji Oda3, and Masao Ohnishi1,2
p.2401
Note
Growth Promotion of Mycelia of the Matsutake Mushroom Tricholoma matsutake by
D-Isoleucine
Hirokazu Kawagishi1, Keiko Hamajima1, Ryo Takanami1, Tomoyuki Nakamura2, Yuko
Sato2, Yukihito Akiyama2, Masanori Sano3, and Osamu Tanaka3 p.2405
Note
Identification of Peptidyl Mimics of Bioactive Gibberellin Recognized by an
Antibody
Haruko Sekimoto, Yoshihito Suzuki, and Isomaro Yamaguchi p.2408
Note
Effects of Alkalinization and ATPase Inhibition on Stromal Free Mg2+ Concentration
in Spinach Chloroplasts
Sumio Ishijima, Hiroshi Ito, Hitomi Yoshimura, Atsuhito Uchibori, and Masatake
Ohnishi p.2411
Note
Docosahexaenoic Acid Induces Apoptosis via the Bax-Independent Pathway in HL-60
Cells
Yoshie Miura1, Keigo Takahara1, Yoshiyuki Murata1, Kozo Utsumi2, Mikiro Tada1,
and Kyoya Takahata3 p.2415
Note
Phaeoside, a Novel Galactoside of Hydroxymanoyl Oxide from the Gibberellin A1-Producing
Phaeosphaeria sp. L487
Hiromichi Kenmoku, Tomoharu Sugai, Hiroyuki Yajima, and Takeshi Sassa p.2418
-1-
Review
Roles of Chloroplast RNA Polymerase Sigma Factors in Chloroplast Development
and Stress Response in Higher Plants
Kengo Kanamaru1 and Kan Tanaka2
1Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkoudai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
2Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, JapanChloroplast transcription in higher plants is performed by two types of RNA polymerases, plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) and nuclear-encoded RNA polymerase (NEP). PEP is a eubacteria-type multisubunit enzyme whose catalytic core subunits are encoded by the chloroplast genome, whereas NEP is the nuclear encoded T7 phage-type single subunit enzyme. PEP is critical for the biogenesis and maintenance of chloroplasts, and is finely tuned by the nuclear encoded sigma subunits. Of the six Arabidopsis sigma subunits, SIG2 is involved in the transcription of several chloroplast tRNA genes, including trnE encoding tRNA-Glu. SIG2 possibly couples translation and pigment synthesis in chloroplasts. On the other hand, SIG5 is induced by various stresses and contributes to repair of damaged photosystem II (PSII) through transcription of the psbD and psbC genes. Thus target genes and the physiological role of each sigma subunit are becoming clearer.
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Synthesis of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) Sequence Conjugated Thermo-Reversible Gel via
the PEG Spacer Arm as an Extracellular Matrix for a Pheochromocytoma Cell (PC12)
Culture
Keun-Hong Park1, Mi-Hyun Kim1, Sang-Hyug Park2, Hyun Jung Lee2, In Kyu Kim3, and Hyung-Min Chung1
1College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Cell and Gene Therapy Research Institute 605, Yeoksam 1-dong, Kangnam-gu, Soeul 135-081, Korea
2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ajou University, Wonchon-dong Youngtong-gu, Suwon 442-749, Korea
3Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery (CCCD), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 20 S 2030 East Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A.Adhesion molecules composed of Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (GRGDS) peptides and cell recognition ligands were inculcated into thermo-reversible hydrogel composed of N-isopropylacrylamide, with a small amount of succinyl poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) acrylate (MW 3400) used as a biomimetic extracellular matrix (ECM). The GRGDS-containing p(NiPAAm-co-PEG) copolymer gel was studied in vitro for its ability to promote cell spreading and to increase the viability of cells by introducing PEG spacers. Hydrogel lacking the adhesion molecules proved to be a poor ECM for adhesion, permitting only a 20% spread of the seeded cells after 10 days. When PEG spacer arms, immobilized by a peptide linkage, had been integrated into the hydrogel, conjugation of RGD promoted cell spread by 600% in a 10-day trial. In addition, in a serum-free medium, only GRGDS peptides conjugated with the spacer arm were able to promote cell spread. In terms of the cell viability, GRGDS peptides conjugated with the PEG-carrying copolymer gel specifically mediated cell spread. This result supports the theory that specific recognition is the result of interaction between the integrin families on the fibroblast, and the RGD sequence on the p(NiPAAm-co-PEG) copolymer gel.
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Effect of a Pore-Forming Protein Derived from Flammulina velutipes on the Caco-2
Intestinal Epithelial Cell Monolayer
Asako Narai1, Hirohito Watanabe2, Toshihiko Iwanaga3, Toshio Tomita4, and Makoto Shimizu1
1Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
2Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
3Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
4Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, JapanWe have previously found a transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER)-decreasing protein derived from Flammulina velutipes, which was revealed to be identical to flammutoxin (FTX) that is known as a hemolytic pore-forming protein. This protein induced a rapid decrease in TEER and parallel increase in paracellular permeability in the intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayer without any cytotoxicity. An immunoblotting analysis revealed that the FTX-induced decrease in TEER was accompanied by the formation of a high-molecular-weight complex on the surface of Caco-2 cells. Intracellular Ca2+ imaging showed that exposure to FTX caused a rapid Ca2+ influx. It was observed by electron microscopy that FTX induced swelling of microvilli and expansion of the cellular surface. Staining with fluorescent phalloidin showed a marked change to filamentous actin in the FTX-treated cells.
These results suggest that TEER reduction could sensitively detect small membrane pore formation by FTX in the intestinal epithelium which causes a morphological alteration and disruption of the paracellular barrier function.
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Caffeoylsophorose, a New Natural α-Glucosidase Inhibitor, from Red Vinegar by
Fermented Purple-Fleshed Sweet Potato
Toshiro Matsui1, Sumi Ebuchi1, Keiichi Fukui2, Kazusato Matsugano2, Norihiko Terahara3, and Kiyoshi Matsumoto1
1Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Division of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
2Miyazaki JA Food Research & Development Inc., Ikimedai, Miyazaki 880-0943, Japan
3Department of Food Science for Health, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Minami-Kyushu University, Kirishima, Miyazaki 880-0032, JapanThe suppressive effect on the postprandial blood glucose rise through α-glucosidase (AGH) inhibition was investigated in this study in order to clarify an antihyperglycemic function of 6-O-caffeoylsophorose (CS) from diacylated anthocyanin. The administration of CS (100 mg/kg) following maltose (2 g/kg) to Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in the maximal blood glucose level after 30 min being significantly decreased by 11.1% compared to the control. A reduction in the serum insulin secretion was also observed in parallel to the decrease in blood glucose level. No blood glucose change was apparent when sucrose or glucose was ingested, suggesting that the antihyperglycemic effect of CS was achieved by maltase inhibition, rather than by sucrase or glucose transport inhibition. An AGH inhibitory assay demonstrated that the non-competitive maltase inhibition of CS was partly due to acylation by phenolic acid with sugar, the presence of hydroxyl groups in the aromatic ring, and the presence of an unsaturated alkyl chain in the acylated moiety.
-5-
Hydrophilic Monolayer Formation of Adsorbed Cationic Starch and Cationic Hydroxyethyl
Cellulose Derivatives on Polyester Surfaces
Peter Roos, Åsa Westling, and Ioannis S. Chronakis
IFP Research, Swedish Institute for Fiber and Polymer Research, Box 104, SE-431 22 Mölndal, Sweden
Cationic starch, cationic cellulose derivatives, and hydrophobically modified cationic cellulose were physically adsorbed from aqueous solution onto oppositely charged hydrophobic polyester (poly(ethylene terephthalate)) fabric and nonwoven, and this resulted in hydrophilic surface properties. Surface coverage of the polysaccharides occurred primarily by strong electrostatic interactions, and the surface characteristics were evaluated by measuring the time required for a water droplet to be absorbed into the polyester material as well as by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). From a comparison of the adsorption characteristics we assess the polysaccharide-dependent and substrate-dependent adsorption behavior and discuss the similarities and differences in the hydrophilic properties and wettability observed. In particular, the temperature of the cationic polysaccharide solutions in which the substrate was immersed, the configuration of the polymer in solution, and the presence of hydrophobic substituents on the cationic moiety have a considerable effect on the polysaccharide affinity and its adsorption on the surface, irrespective of the substrate type (fabric or nonwoven). We also evaluate the relative contribution of the polyelectrolyte molecular weight, concentration in solution, and degree of charge density along the polymer chain which determine the range of interactions and alter surface hydroplilicity dependent on the type of substrate.
-6-
Improvement of Insulin Resistance and Insulin Secretion by Water Extracts of
Cordyceps militaris, Phellinus linteus, and Paecilomyces tenuipes in 90% Pancreatectomized
Rats
Soo Bong Choi1, Chun Hee Park2, Mi Kyung Choi2, Dong Wha Jun2, and Sunmin Park2
1Internal Medicine, KonKuk University, Kyohyun-Dong, Chungjoo-Si, ChungBuk-Do 380-062, Korea
2Food and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Sechul-Ri, Asan-Si, ChungNam-Do 336-795, KoreaThe effect of supplementation with Phellinus linteus (P. linteus), Paecilomyces tenuipes (P. tenuipes), and Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) mushroom water extracts on the insulin secretion and insulin resistance of 90% pancreatectomized (Px) male Sprague Dawley rats was investigated. Px rats were daily administered 0.5 g of P. linteus, P. tenuipes, and C. militaris aqueous extracts or a placebo per 1 kg body weight with a 40% fat diet for 8 weeks. Fasting serum glucose levels were lower in rats receiving C. militaris than in the control group. Insulin secretion at the elevated serum glucose levels was lowest in rats that consumed P. tenuipes in hyperglycemic clamp. Whole body glucose disposal rates increased in C. militaris but decreased in P. tenuipes compared to those in the control group in euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. The GLUT4 content and fraction velocity of glycogen synthase in the soleus and quadriceps muscles increased in the rats treated with C. militaris, but P. tenuipes decreased both. In sum, a water extract of C. militaris ameliorates insulin resistance by enhancing glucose utilization in skeletal muscles.
-7-
Structure-Activity Relationship of S-Benzylisothiourea Derivatives to Induce
Spherical Cells in Escherichia coli
Noritaka Iwai1,2, Takuma Ebata1, Hirokatsu Nagura1, Tomoya Kitazume1, Kazuo Nagai3, and Masaaki Wachi1
1Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
2Frontier Collaborative Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
3Department of Biological Chemistry, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, JapanWe have previously reported that a novel S-benzylisothiourea derivative, S-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)isothiourea, tentatively named A22, induced spherical cells in Escherichia coli. To elucidate the structural element(s) required for inducing these spherical cells, the biological activity of S-benzylisothiourea derivatives and related compounds toward E. coli cells was investigated. S-(4-Chlorobenzyl)isothiourea revealed spherical cell-inducing activity, although being slightly less potent than A22, and S-benzylisothiourea itself showed much less activity. S-Cyclohexylmethylisothiourea did not show antibacterial activity and had little effect on the cell shape. S-Heptylisothiourea showed antibacterial activity and induced elongated cells rather than spherical cells. Benzylisothiocyanate inhibited cell growth but did not induce spherical cells. S-Ethylisothiourea, benzylthiocyanate, benzylisocyanate, and N-phenylthiourea did not show any activity under the present experimental conditions. These results indicate that the S-benzylisothiourea structure was necessary and sufficient for inducing spherical cells and that 3- and/or 4-chloro-substitution of the S-benzyl group enhanced this activity.
-8-
Analysis of bgl Operon Structure and Characterization of β-Glucosidase from
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum LY34
Chang Long An1, Woo Jin Lim1, Su Young Hong1, Eun Ju Kim1, Eun Chule Shin1, Min Keun Kim1, Jong Reoul Lee3, Sang Ryeol Park3, Jong Gyu Woo4, Yong Pyo Lim5, and Han Dae Yun1,2
1Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea
2Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea
3National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Korea
4National Horticultural Research Institute, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Korea
5Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, KoreaA putative bgl operon of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum LY34 (Pcc LY34) was isolated. Sequence analysis of the 5,557 bp cloned DNA fragment (accession no. AY542524) showed three open reading frames (bglT, bglP, and bglB) predicted to encode 287, 633, and 468 amino acid proteins respectively. BglT and BglP ORFs show high similarity to that of the Pectobacterium chrysanthemi ArbG antiterminator and ArbF permease respectively. Also, the latter contains most residues important for phosphotransferase activity. The amino acid sequence of BglB showed high similarity to various β-glucosidases and is a member of glycosyl hydrolase family 1. The purified BglB enzyme hydrolyzed salicin, arbutin, pNPG, and MUG. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 53,000 Da by SDS-PAGE. The purified β-glucosidase exhibited maximal activity at pH 7.0 and 40 ℃, and its activity was enhanced in the presence of Mg2+. Two glutamate residues (Glu173 and Glu362) were found to be essential for enzyme activity.
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IL-10 Augments Antibody Production in in Vitro Immunized Lymphocytes by Inducing
a Th2-Type Response and B Cell Maturation
Qianghua Xu1,2,3, Yoshinori Katakura1, Makiko Yamashita1, Shengguo Fang2,3, Takashi Tamura1, Shin-ei Matsumoto1, Yoshihiro Aiba1, Kiichiro Teruya1, Kazuhiro Osada1, Ryuhei Nishikawa1, and Sanetaka Shirahata1
1Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
2College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, China
3Key Laboratory of Conservation Genetics and Reproductive Biology for Endangered Wild Animals, Ministry of Education, ChinaAn in vitro immunization (IVI) protocol enables antigen specific antibody production from L-Leucyl-L-Leucine methyl ester (LLME)-treated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) upon antigen stimulation in the presence of IL-2, IL-4, and muramyl dipeptide. In the course of our studies, we have found that IL-10 added at the antigen sensitization significantly augmented antibody production level from the LLME-treated PBL. In the present study, we tried to demonstrate the role of IL-10 in the augmentation of antibody production in an IVI protocol by clarifying the cytokine expression profiles in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The results showed that IL-10 skewed the Th1/Th2 balance to Th2-type responses by suppressing Th1-type cytokine production and augmenting Th2-type cytokine production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as in CD19+ B cells. Furthermore, IL-10 augmented the expression of CD38, an antigen marker of plasma cells, on B cells, which clearly indicates that IL-10 promoted differentiation and maturation of B cells in an IVI protocol. These results indicate that IL-10 plays an important role in setting the cellular milieu to produce antibodies in an IVI protocol.
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Maillard Reaction Rate in Various Glassy Matrices
Kiyoshi Kawai, Tomoaki Hagiwara, Rikuo Takai, and Toru Suzuki
Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
The Maillard Reaction (MR) rate below the glass transition temperature (Tg) for various model glassy food systems was studied at temperatures between 40 ℃ and 70 ℃. As a sample, freeze-dried glucose and lysine systems embedded in various glassy matrices (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolodone and trehalose) were used, and the MR rate below the Tg was compared among the various glassy matrices. The extent of MR was estimated spectrophotometrically from the optical density at 280 nm (OD280), and the MR rate (k280) was determined as a pseudo zero order reaction rate from the time course of OD280. Although k280 was described by the Arrhenius plot, the temperature dependence of k280 was almost the same and the intercept was different among the matrices. From the comparison of k280, it was suggested that the MR rate in glassy matrix was affected not only by the Tg, but also by the hydrogen bonding between MR reactants and glassy matrix.
-11-
Thermostable Esterase from a Thermoacidophilic Archaeon: Purification and Characterization
for Enzymatic Resolution of a Chiral Compound
Seonghun Kim1,2 and Sun Bok Lee1,2,3
1School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang 790-784, Korea
2Division of Molecular Life and Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang 790-784, Korea
3Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang 790-784, KoreaHomolog to lipolytic enzymes having the consensus sequence Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly, from the Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 genome, were identified by multiple sequence alignments. Among three potential candidate sequences, one (Est3), which displayed higher activity than the other enzymes on the indicate plates, was characterized. The gene (est 3) was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein (Est3) was purified by chromatographic separation. The enzyme is a trimeric protein and has a molecular weight of 32 kDa in monomer form in its native structure. The optimal pH and temperature of the esterase were 7.4 and 80 ℃ respectively. The enzyme showed broad substrate specificities toward various p-nitrophenyl esters ranging from C2 to C16. The catalytic activity of the Est3 esterase was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Based on substrate specificity and the action of inhibitors, the Est3 enzyme was estimated to be a carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1). The enzyme with methyl (α)-2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionate-hydrolyzing activity to (-)-2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid displayed a moderate degree of enantioselectivity. The product, (-)-2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid, rather than its methyl ester, was obtained in 80% enantiomeric excess (e.e.p) at 20% conversion at 60 ℃ after a 32-h reaction. This result indicates that S. solfataricus esterase can be used for application in the synthesis of chiral compounds.
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Molecular Cloning of a Gene Encoding Endo-β-D-1,4-Glucanase PCE1 from Phycomyces
nitens
Atsushi Shimonaka, Yuko Baba, Jinichiro Koga, Akitaka Nakane, Hidetoshi Kubota, and Toshiaki Kono
Health & Bioscience Laboratories, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., 5-3-1 Chiyoda, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0289, Japan
We previously cloned three endoglucanase genes, rce1, rce2, and rce3, from Rhizopus oryzae as the first cellulase genes from the subdivision Zygomycota. In this study, an endoglucanase gene, designated a pce1 gene, was cloned by plaque hybridization with the codon usage-optimized rce1 gene as a probe from Phycomyces nitens, a member of the subdivision Zygomycota. The pec1 gene had an open reading frame of 1,038 nucleotides encoding an endoglucanase (PCE1) of 346 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence deduced from the pce1 gene consisted of a cellulose-binding domain (CBD) at the N terminus and of a catalytic domain belonging to family 45 glycoside hydrolase at the C terminus. PCE1 was purified to apparent homogeneity from the culture supernatant of P. nitens and the molecular mass was found to be 45 kDa. The optimum pH for the CMCase activity of PCE1 was 6.0, and the optimum temperature was 50 ℃, the lowest among the family 45 endoglucanases.
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Purification and Characterization of α-Keto Amide Reductase from Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Kohji Ishihara1, Hiroaki Yamamoto2, Kazuya Mitsuhashi2, Kazuyoshi Nishikawa2, Sadao Tsuboi3, Hideaki Tsuji4, and Nobuyoshi Nakajima4
1Department of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
2Life Science Development Center, CPI Company, Tsukuba Research Center, Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., Tsukuba 305-0841, Japan
3Department of Environmental Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
4Graduate School of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, JapanAn NADPH-dependent α-keto amide reductase was purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The molecular mass of the native enzyme was estimated to be 33 and 36 kDa by gel filtration chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. The purified enzyme showed a reducing activity not only for aromatic α-keto amides but also for aliphatic and aromatic α-keto esters. The internal sequence of the enzyme was identical with that of a hypothetical protein (ORF YDL 124w) coded by yeast chromosome IV.
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Antioxidative Activity of a Zinc-Chelating Substance in Coffee
Xu Wen1, Makiko Takenaka2, Masatsune Murata1, and Seiichi Homma1
1Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
2Food Processing Laboratory, Food Engineering Division, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, JapanCoffee brew contains a brownish zinc-chelating polymer designated ApV. ApV was prepared from the precipitate formed in a solution of instant coffee by adding ZnCl2 and purified using ion-exchange and cellulose column chromatographies. The antioxidative activities of ApV and related compounds were evaluated in this study. The free-radical scavenging activity of ApV estimated by ABTS assay was at a similar level to that of instant coffee, while the O2- scavenging activity of ApV, which is superoxide dismutase-like activity, was lower than that of instant coffee. The hydroxyl-radical scavenging activity of ApV was higher than that of instant coffee, and the auto-oxidation of linoleic acid was more strongly inhibited by ApV than by caffeic acid.
-15-
Contribution of the Second OB Fold of Ribosomal Protein S1 from Escherichia
coli to the Recognition of TmRNA
Takahiro Okada1, Iwona K. Wower2, Jacek Wower2, Christian W. Zwieb3, and Makoto Kimura1
1Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
2Department of Animal Sciences, Program in Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5415, USA
3Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX 75708-3154, USAEscherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 is composed of six repeating homologous oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding fold (OB folds). In trans-translation, S1 plays a role in delivering transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) to stalled ribosomes. The second OB fold of S1 was found to be protected from tryptic digestion in the presence of tmRNA. Truncated S1 mutant 2, in which the first and second OB folds were deleted, showed significantly decreased tmRNA-binding activity. Furthermore, the E. coli S1 homolog (BS1) from Bacillus subtilis, which corresponds to the four C-terminal OB folds of E. coli S1, showed no interaction with E. coli tmRNA, as judged by the results of a gel shift assay. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that mutant 2 and BS1 had decreased association rate constants (ka, 0.59X 103 M-1 S-1; and ka, 1.89X 103 M-1 S-1), while they retained the respective dissociation rate constants (kd, 0.67X 10-3 S-1; and kd, 0.53X 10-3 S-1), in comparison with wild-type protein S1 (ka, 3.32X 103 M-1 S-1; and kd, 0.56X 10-3 S-1). These results suggest that the second OB fold in protein S1 is essential for the recognition of tmRNA, while the four C-terminal OB folds play a role in stabilizing the S1-tmRNA complex.
-16-
Cysteine Suppresses Oxidative Stress-Induced Myofibrillar Proteolysis in Chick
Myotubes
Kazuki Nakashima, Shigehiko Masaki, Makoto Yamazaki, and Hiroyuki Abe
Nutrient Function Laboratory, Department of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
The effects of cysteine as an antioxidant nutrient on change in protein modification and myofibrillar proteolysis in chick myotubes by induction of oxidative stress by H2O2 treatment were investigated. Myotubes were treated for 1 h with H2O2 (1 mM). After this treatment, the H2O2 was removed and the cells were cultured in cysteine (0.1 and 1 mM) containing serum-free medium for 24 h. Protein carbonyl content as an index of protein modification and Nτ-methylhistidine release as an index of myofibrillar proteolysis were increased at 24 h after H2O2 treatment, and the increment was reduced by cysteine. Calpain, proteasome and cathepsin (B+L and D) activities were increased at 24 h after H2O2 treatment, and the increment was also reduced by cysteine. These results indicate that cysteine suppresses protein modification by oxidative stress, resulting in a decrease of protease acitivities, finally resulting in a decrease in myofibrillar proteolysis in chick myotubes.
-17-
Anti-Tumor Activity of an Enzymatically Synthesized α-1,6 Branched α-1,4-Glucan,
Glycogen
Kazuo Ryoyama1, Yumi Kidachi1, Hideaki Yamaguchi2, Hideki Kajiura3, and Hiroki Takata4
1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University, Aomori 030-0943, Japan
2Graduate School of Environmental Sciences, Aomori University, Aomori 030-0943, Japan
3Development Department, Food Material Department, Glico Foods Co., Ltd., 7-16 Kasuga-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-0053, Japan
4Biochemical Research Laboratory, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, JapanOral administration of an enzymatically synthesized α-1,4:1,6-glycogen (ESG) at a dose of 50 μg/ml significantly prolonged the survival time of Meth A tumor-bearing mice. ESG also significantly stimulated macrophage-like cells (J774.1), leading to augmented production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The weight-average degree of polymerization (DPw) and the ratio of branch linkage (BL) of ESG were 149,000 and 8.1% respectively. β-Amylase-treated ESG, however, lost J774.1-activating activity although inhibited subcutaneous growth of Meth A tumor cells admixed with it. Its DPw and BL changed to 126,000 and 20% respectively. Partially degraded amylopectin [(AP), DPw: 110,000, BL; 5.1] was also effective at stimulating J774.1, but its activity was lower than that of ESG. Other α-glucans [cycloamylose (CA), enzymatically synthesized amylose (ESA), highly branched cyclic dextrin (HBCD), and β-amylase-treated HBCD], of which DPw was lower than that of ESG, showed no J774.1-activating activity and weaker anti-tumor activity.
-18-
Enzymatic Synthesis of Dehydro Cyclo(His-Phe)s, Analogs of the Potent Cell Cycle
Inhibitor, Dehydrophenylahistin, and Their Inhibitory Activities toward Cell
Division
Hiroshi Kanzaki, Satohiro Yanagisawa, and Teruhiko Nitoda
Laboratory of Bioresources Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Cyclo(His-Phe) was effectively converted to its dehydro derivatives by the enzyme of Streptomyces albulus KO-23, an albonoursin-producing actinomycete. Two types of dehydro derivatives were isolated from the reaction mixture and identified as cyclo(His-Phe) and cyclo(His-Phe). This is the first report on cyclo(His-Phe) and the enzymatic preparation of both compounds. Cyclo(His-Phe), a tetradehydro cyclic dipeptide, exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.78 μmol/ml inhibitory activity toward the first cleavage of sea urchin embryos, in contrast to cyclo(His-Phe) that had no activity. The finding that the isoprenylated derivative of cyclo(His-Phe), dehydrophyenylahistin, had 2,000 times higher activity than cyclo(His-Phe) indicates that an isoprenyl group attached to an imidazole ring of the compound was essential for the inhibitory activity.
-19-
Localization of α-Glucosidases I, II, and III in Organs of European Honeybees,
Apis mellifera L., and the Origin of α-Glucosidase in Honey
Masaki Kubota1, Masahisa Tsuji1, Mamoru Nishimoto1, Jintanart Wongchawalit1, Masayuki Okuyama1, Haruhide Mori1, Hirokazu Matsui1, Rudee Surarit2, Jisnuson Svasti3, Atsuo Kimura1, and Seiya Chiba1
1Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
2Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
3Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, ThailandThree kinds of α-glucosidases, I, II, and III, were purified from European honeybees, Apis mellifera L. In addition, an α-glucosidase was also purified from honey. Some properties, including the substrate specificity of honey α-glucosidase, were almost the same as those of α-glucosidase III. Specific antisera against the α-glucosidases were prepared to examine the localization of α-glucosidases in the organs of honeybees. It was immunologically confirmed for the first time that α-glucosidase I was present in ventriculus, and α-glucosidase II, in ventriculus and haemolymph. α-Glucosidase III, which became apparent to be honey α-glucosidase, was present in the hypopharyngeal gland, from which the enzyme may be secreted into nectar gathered by honeybees. Honey may be finally made up through the process whereby sucrose in nectar, in which glucose and fructose also are naturally contained, is hydrolyzed by secreted α-glucosidase III.
-20-
Tea Catechin Suppresses Adipocyte Differentiation Accompanied by Down-regulation
of PPARγ2 and C/EBPα in 3T3-L1 Cells
Takashi Furuyashiki1, Hironobu Nagayasu1, Yukiko Aoki1, Hiroaki Bessho1, Takashi Hashimoto2, Kazuki Kanazawa1,2, and Hitoshi Ashida1,2
1Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
2Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, JapanObesity is a serious health problem, and its prevention is promoted through life style including diet and exercise. In this study, we investigated the suppressive effects of tea catechin on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes. (-)-Catechin 3-gallate (CG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin 3-gallate, and (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate at 5 μM suppressed intracellular lipid accumulation. The suppressive effects of CG and EGC were stronger than the others, and CG and EGC also suppressed the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a differentiation marker. These catechins inhibited the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ2 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) α, both of which act as key transcription factors at an early stage of differentiation, followed by the expression of glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 at a later stage. In addition, the catechins did not affect the phosphorylation status of the insulin signal pathway. Thus, catechin suppressed adipocyte differentiation accompanied by the down-regulation of PPARγ2, C/EBPα, and GLUT4. These results suggest that tea catechin prevents obesity through the suppression of adipocyte differentiation.
-21-
Cloning and Characterization of Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase from the Rubber-Producing
Mushroom Lactarius chrysorrheus
Dararat Mekkriengkrai1, Tomoki Sando3, Kazutake Hirooka3, Jitladda Sakdapipanich1,2, Yasuyuki Tanaka1, Ei-ichiro Fukusaki3, and Akio Kobayashi3
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
2Institute of Science and Technology for Research and Development, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Putthamonthon, Nakornprathom 73170, Thailand
3Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, JapanFarnesyl diphosphate is involved in rubber biosynthesis as an initiating substrate for both polyprenol and mushroom rubber. So far, we have isolated the cDNA of a farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) for the first time from a rare rubber-producing mushroom, Lactarius chrysorrheus, by the degenerate RT-PCR technique based on sequence information of FPS genes from fungi and yeasts. The open reading frame was clarified to encode a protein of 381 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 42.9 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of L. chrysorrheus FPS showed about 50% identity with those of other fungi and yeasts as well as plants. We expressed the cDNA of L. chrysorrheus FPS in Escherichia coli as a glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-fusion protein. The purified obtained protein showed FPS activity in which geranyl diphosphate (GPP) served as primary substrate, with a 2.4-fold higher kcat/Km value for GPP than for dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP).
-22-
Transglycosylation Activity of Dictyoglomus thermophilum Amylase A
Masahiro Nakajima, Hiromi Imamura, Hirofumi Shoun, Sueharu Horinouchi, and Takayoshi Wakagi
Department of Biotechnology, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
Amylase A from Dictyoglomus thermophilum is a thermophilic enzyme and has about 40% identity with 4-α-glucanotransferase (GTase) from Thermococcus litoralis, and both of these enzymes belong to family 57 glycosyl hydrolase. Since the transglycosylation activity of T. litoralis GTase has been well characterized, the substrate specificity and reaction products of amylase A from D. thermophilum were examined. α-1,4 Glucan was produced from maltooligosaccharides, and glucoamylase-resistant molecules (cycloamyloses) were produced from longer chain amylose (average molecular mass 200 kDa). It has been reported that amylase A from D. thermophilum hydrolyzes starch, but in this study it was found that the enzyme was also able to use maltooligosaccharides and long chain amylose as substrate and has transglycosylation activity.
-23-
Towards Structural Determination of the ComX Pheromone: Synthetic Studies on
Peptides Containing Geranyltryptophan
Masahiro Okada1, Isao Sato1, Soo Jeong Cho2, Yoshihiro Suzuki1, Makoto Ojika1, David Dubnau2, and Youji Sakagami1
1Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
2Public Health Research Institute, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, U.S.A.Bacteria produce and respond to signal molecules depending on their cell density. This process is called quorum sensing . The ComX pheromone, controlled by quorum sensing, activates natural genetic competence in Bacillus subtilis. ComX is an oligopeptide with a posttranslational modification. It has been suggested that ComX pheromone is modified with an isoprenoid at its tryptophan residue, but the complete chemical structure is unknown. We first determined the molecular formula of ComXRO-E-2, a competence factor for B. subtilis strain RO-E-2. Then we synthesized putative pheromones with 1-, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-geranyl substituted tryptophan residues. The regio- and stereo-selective synthesis of the geranyl tryptophans was successful, and we prepared the six peptides with modified tryptophan residues. These peptides had the same molecular formula and showed similar hydrophobicity to the natural ComXRO-E-2 in LC-MS analysis. But, none of them showed the same retention time as the natural pheromone and none exhibited its biological activity. These results suggest that the isoprenoid modification pattern of the tryptophan residue is more complex than postulated.
-24-
Note
Effects of Egg Yolk Proteins on the Longitudinal Bone Growth of Adolescent Male
Rats
Kang-Hyun Leem1, Myung-Gyou Kim1, Hyun-Mi Kim2, Mujo Kim3, Young-Ja Lee4, and Hye Kyung Kim5
1College of Oriental Medicine, Semyung University, Chungbuk 390-711, South Korea
2Department of Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Central Research Institute, Ilyang Pharm Co., Kyunggi 449-120, South Korea
3Pharma Foods International Co., Kyoto 601-8357, Japan
4Pusan Regional Office, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Pusan 608-829, South Korea
5Department of Food and Biotechnology, Hanseo University, Seosan, Chungnam 356-706, South KoreaHen egg is a nutritional store for a new life. We examined the effect of egg yolk proteins on longitudinal bone growth in the rat. Protein fractions from egg yolk were tested. Milk protein, casein, was used as a control. The bone growth rate was significantly increased by yolk water-soluble protein (YSP, 100 mg/kg) administration for 5 d. The bone morphogenetic protein-2 immunostaining of growth plate was also increased. Considering the results, YSP can be used as a growth-promoting factor.
-25-
Note
Comparative Study on the Modulation of IgE and Cytokine Production by Phellinus
linteus Grown on Germinated Brown Rice, Phellinus Linteus and Germinated Brown
Rice in Murine Splenocytes
Beong Ou Lim1, Koji Yamada2, Bong-Gum Cho1, Taeil Jeon3, Seong-Gu Hwang4, Taekyu Park1, Soon Ah Kang3, and Dong Ki Park3
1Department of Life Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
2Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 46-09, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-851, Japan
3Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
4Department of Dairy Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 456-749, KoreaWe compared the immunomodulating activities in mice of extracts from Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice (PB), Phellinus linteus (PL) alone, and germinated brown rice (BR) alone. The PL, BR and PB-treated mice were administered with the respective extract (2 mg/head/day) by oral gavage for 4 weeks. All extracts markedly decreased the IgE production and allergic responses in serum and splenocytes. PL and PB increased the proportion of CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells in splenocytes. Cytokine production was significantly augmented in all treated mice; the concentration of IFN-γ was greater in the PL, BR and PB mice than in the control group. The concentration of IL-10 was lower in the BR group than in the other groups. These results may be related to the suppression of IgE production. We conclude that PB modulated the immune responses of IgE production and Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion in murine splenocytes.
-26-
Note
Proteasome Inhibitors Induce Changes in Chromatin Structure Characteristic of
Senescent Human Fibroblasts
Ryo Ukekawa, Naoyuki Maegawa, Emi Mizutani, Michihiko Fujii, and Dai Ayusawa
Kihara Institute for Biological Research and Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, Maioka-cho 641-12, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
Inhibitors of proteasome induced premature senescence in normal human fibroblasts. Besides morphological alteration and expression of senescence marker genes, these cells manifested senescence-associated heterochromatic foci under staining of the nuclei with DAPI similar to normally senescent cells. These results suggest that declining ability in protein degradation may be involved in the formation of heterochromatic foci in senescent fibroblasts.
-27-
Note
Synthesis and Antinematodal Activity of 3-n-Alkylphenols
Kazuto Takaishi1, Yohannes Alen2, Kazuyoshi Kawazu2, Naomichi Baba2, and Shuhei Nakajima2
1The Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka 3-1-1, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
2Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka 1-1-1, Okayama 700-8530, JapanSeveral 3-alkylphenols including 3-undecylphenol, which was isolated from a Sumatran rainforest plant, were synthesized to investigate their antinematodal activity against the phytopathogenic nematodes, Bursapherencus xylophilus. A three-step synthesis involving the treatment of 2-cyclohexen-1-one with the Grignard reagent, oxidation of the resulting 1-alkyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol and subsequent aromatization of 3-alkyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one successfully afforded such phenols. Among the 3-alkylphenols, 3-nonylphenol showed the highest activity, while 3-decylphenol and 3-undecylphenol also showed high activity.
-28-
Note
Increased Levels of Policosanol and Very Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Potato Pulp
Fermented with Rhizopus oryzae
Renaguli Musa1,2, Keita Yunoki1,2, Mikio Kinoshita1, Yuji Oda3, and Masao Ohnishi1,2
1Department of Bioresource Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
2The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
3Department of Upland Agriculture, National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Memuro, Kasai, Hokkaido 082-0071, JapanSignificant amounts of policosanol and very long-chain fatty acids (VLFAs) ranging in carbon length from 22 to 30 were found in the lipophilic fraction obtained from potato pulp fermented with Rhizopus oryzae. It is believed that these compounds would have originally been present as suberin-related compounds, but not as wax, in the periderm of potato tubers and concentrated into potato pulp during the process of starch production. Moreover, the policosanol and VLFAs extracted from potato pulp with organic solvents were found to have increased after fermentation.
-29-
Note
Growth Promotion of Mycelia of the Matsutake Mushroom Tricholoma matsutake by
D-Isoleucine
Hirokazu Kawagishi1, Keiko Hamajima1, Ryo Takanami1, Tomoyuki Nakamura2, Yuko Sato2, Yukihito Akiyama2, Masanori Sano3, and Osamu Tanaka3
1Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
2Applied Fungi Institute, IBI Corporation, 7841 Anayama-cho, Nirasaki-shi, Yamanashi 407-0263, Japan
3Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Okamoto, Kobe 658-8501, JapanMycelial growth of the Matsutake mushroom (Tricholama matsutake) was much slower than that of the other mushroom species. We found that the addition of D-isoleucine to the culture medium strikingly promoted mycelia growth. The other amino acids tested had no effect on this growth promotion.
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Note
Identification of Peptidyl Mimics of Bioactive Gibberellin Recognized by an
Antibody
Haruko Sekimoto, Yoshihito Suzuki, and Isomaro Yamaguchi
Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
We screened a phage display peptide library for peptidyl mimotopes of gibberellin against anti-bioactive gibberellin antibody. The peptides obtained were grouped into two homologous sequences and their binding to the antibody was put in competition with free GA4 but not with GA4 methylester, suggesting that the peptides behave as mimics of GA4. As an application, the phage display peptide was shown to work as a tracer for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of GA4.
-31-
Note
Effects of Alkalinization and ATPase Inhibition on Stromal Free Mg2+ Concentration
in Spinach Chloroplasts
Sumio Ishijima, Hiroshi Ito, Hitomi Yoshimura, Atsuhito Uchibori, and Masatake Ohnishi
Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
Our earlier studies indicate that stromal alkalinization is essential for light-induced increase in free Mg2+ concentration ([Mg2+]) in chloroplast. Stromal [Mg2+] was increased by dark incubation of chloroplasts in the K+-gluconate medium (pH 8.0), or by NH4Cl. These results indicate that stromal alkalinization can induce an increase in stromal [Mg2+] without illumination. Some inhibitors of envelope proton-translocating ATPase activity involved in H+ efflux inhibited the alkalinization-induced increase in [Mg2+].
-32-
Note
Docosahexaenoic Acid Induces Apoptosis via the Bax-Independent Pathway in HL-60
Cells
Yoshie Miura1, Keigo Takahara1, Yoshiyuki Murata1, Kozo Utsumi2, Mikiro Tada1, and Kyoya Takahata3
1Graduate School of National Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
2Institute of Medical Science, Kurashiki Medical Center, Kurashiki 710-8552, Japan
3Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, JapanWe attempted to determine whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-induced apoptosis is mediated via the Bax-mediated pathway in human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. DHA-induced apoptosis was confirmed by morphological analysis and caspase-3 activation. But, cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), did not inhibit DHA-induced Bax translocation to mitochondria or caspase-3 activation. These data suggest that DHA can induce apoptosis via the Bax-independent pathway.
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Note
Phaeoside, a Novel Galactoside of Hydroxymanoyl Oxide from the Gibberellin A1-Producing
Phaeosphaeria sp. L487
Hiromichi Kenmoku, Tomoharu Sugai, Hiroyuki Yajima, and Takeshi Sassa
Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakaba-cho, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
Isolation and examination of a diterpene glycoside from the culture filtrate of the gibberellin A1-producing Phaeosphaeria sp. L487 allowed us to identify a novel fungal galactoside of hydroxymanoyl oxide together with (-)-ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide. It was designated phaeoside and determined to be 1α-hydroxy-ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide 1-O-β-D-galactopyranoside based on its chemical degradation and spectroscopic methods. This is the first report of the isolation of a diterpene galactoside from fungi.